Bifo sik dɛn dɔnawe wit lɛk 3 bilyɔn ɔ mɔ sik dɛn, dis tik bin ɛp fɔ bil wan Amɛrika we gɛt bɔku bɔku industri. Fɔ mek wi go gɛt bak di glori we dɛn bin dɔn lɔs, wi go nid fɔ gri wit di tin dɛn we Gɔd mek ɛn mek am bak.
Sɔntɛm insay 1989, Hɛbat Daling bin gɛt kɔl: Wan ɔntinman bin tɛl am se i dɔn mit wan lɔng Amɛrikan chɛstnɛt tik na Daling in prɔpati na di Zor Vali na di wɛst pat na Nyu Yɔk. Darling bin no se wan tɛm, chɛstnɛt na bin wan pan di impɔtant tik dɛn na di eria. I bin no bak se i bin lɛf smɔl fɔ lɛ wan fɛns we de kil pipul dɛn dɔnawe wit di kayn animal fɔ pas wan ɛn af ia. We i yɛri di ɔntinman in ripɔt bɔt aw i si layf chɛstnɛt, di chɛstnɛt in trɔnk bin lɔng tu fit ɛn i rich na wan bildin we gɛt fayv stori, i bin dawt. Darling bin tɔk se: “A nɔ shɔ if a biliv se i no wetin i bi.”
We Darling fɛn di tik, i bin tan lɛk se i de luk wan lay lay figa. I bin se: “I bin rili izi ɛn pafɛkt fɔ mek wan spɛshal wan-i bin fayn.” Bɔt Darling bin si bak se di tik de day. Frɔm di ia 1900, di sem sik dɔn ambɔg am, ɛn dɛn se i dɔn mek 3 bilyɔn ɔ mɔ pipul dɛn day bikɔs ɔf dɛn kayn sik ya. Dis na di fɔs sik we mɔtalman kin gɛt we kin pwɛl tik dɛn mɔ insay di istri tide. Darling bin tink se, if i nɔ ebul fɔ sev da tik de, i go at least sev in sid dɛn. Na wan prɔblɛm nɔmɔ de: di tik nɔ de du natin bikɔs no ɔda chɛstnɛt tik nɔ de nia de we go ebul fɔ pul am.
Darling na injinia we de yuz injinia in we fɔ sɔlv prɔblɛm dɛn. Di nɛks Jun, we di yɔlɔ flawa dɛn bin skata na di grɔn kanopi na di tik, Darling bin ful-ɔp di shot amunishɔn wit shot paoda, we dɛn tek frɔm di man flawa dɛn fɔ wan ɔda chɛstnɛt tik we i bin dɔn lan, ɛn drayv go na di nɔt. I tek wan ɛn af awa. I shot di tik frɔm di ɛlikopta we i bin rɛnt. (I de rul wan kɔnstrɔkshɔn kɔmni we de wok fayn ɛn we ebul fɔ pe fɔ bɔku tin dɛn.) Dis tray nɔ bin wok. Di nɛks ia, Darling bin tray bak. Dis tɛm, in ɛn in bɔy pikin drɛg di skɔf go na di chɛstnɛt dɛn we de ɔp di il ɛn bil wan ples we ay 80 fit insay pas tu wiks. Mi dia klaym ɔp di kanopi ɛn skrab di flawa dɛn wit di flawa dɛn we tan lɛk wom pan ɔda chɛstnɛt tik.
Da fɔl de, di branch dɛn na Darling in tik bin mek bɔr dɛn we dɛn kɔba wit grɔn chukchuk. Dɛn chukchuk dɛn ya bin tik ɛn shap so dat dɛn go mistek kɔl dɛn kaktɔ. Di avɛst nɔ bɔku, na lɛk 100 nɛt dɛn de, bɔt Darling dɔn plant sɔm ɛn pin op. In ɛn in padi bin kɔntakt bak Chals Maynad ɛn Wiliam Pawɛl, we na tu pipul dɛn we sabi bɔt tik dɛn we de na di Stet Yunivasiti ɔf Nyu Yɔk Skul fɔ Envayrɔmɛnt Sayns ɛn Fɔstri na Sirakyu (Chak ɛn Bil bin day). I nɔ tu te yet we dɛn bigin wan lɔw badjɛt chɛstnɛt risach projɛkt de. Darling gi dɛn sɔm chɛstnɛt dɛn ɛn aks di sayɛnsman dɛn if dɛn kin yuz dɛn fɔ briŋ dɛn bak. Darling bin se: “I tan lɛk se dis na big tin.” “Di wan ol ist pat na Amɛrika.” Bɔt afta sɔm ia, in yon tik bin day.
Frɔm we pipul dɛn na Yurop bigin fɔ kam de na Nɔt Amɛrika, di stori bɔt di fɔrɛst dɛn na di kɔntinɛnt dɔn lɔs bɔku pan dɛn. Bɔt naw, bɔku pipul dɛn tink se di prɔpɔzal we Darling bin mek naw na wan pan di chans dɛn we go mek dɛn bigin fɔ rivays di stori – fɔs dis ia, di Templeton World Charity Foundation put Maynard ɛn Powell in Di prɔjek bin gi bɔku pan in istri, ɛn dis tray bin ebul fɔ pul wan smɔl ɔpreshɔn we bin kɔst pas $3 milyɔn. Na di big wan we dɛn bin ɛva gi to di yunivasiti. Di risach we di wan dɛn we de stɔdi bɔt di jɛnɛtiks dɔn du de fos di wan dɛn we de wok fɔ di envayrɔmɛnt fɔ fes di prɔspɛkt insay wan nyu we ɛn sɔntɛnde nɔ kin fil fayn, dat fɔ mek di natura wɔl ripɛnt nɔ min fɔ go bak na wan Gadin na Idɛn we nɔ pwɛl. Bifo dat, i kin min fɔ gri wit di wok we wi dɔn tek: di injinia fɔ ɔltin inklud di nature.
Chɛstnɛt lif dɛn lɔng ɛn gɛt tut, ɛn dɛn tan lɛk tu smɔl grɔn saw bled dɛn we kɔnɛkt bak to bak to di sɛntral vein na di lif. Na wan ɛnd, tu lif dɛn kin kɔnɛkt to wan stem. Na di ɔda ɛnd, dɛn kin mek wan shap tip, we bɔku tɛm dɛn kin bɛn na di sayd. Dis shep we dɛn nɔ bin de ɛkspɛkt de kɔt di grɔn ɛn san sand ples dɛn we nɔ gɛt wan bɔt na di bush, ɛn di tin dɛn we pipul dɛn we de waka na di mawnten dɛn bin de fil we dɛn nɔ biliv, bin mek pipul dɛn pe atɛnshɔn to dɛn, ɛn dis bin mek dɛn mɛmba di we aw dɛn bin de travul na di fɔrɛst we bin gɛt bɔku pawaful tik dɛn trade.
Na bay buk ɛn mɛmori nɔmɔ wi go ebul fɔ ɔndastand dɛn tik dɛn ya gud gud wan. Lucille Griffin, we na di ɛgzibit dairekta fɔ di American Chestnut Collaborator Foundation, bin rayt wan tɛm se na de yu go si chɛstnɛt dɛn we so rich dat insay spring, di krim, layn flawa dɛn we de na di tik “lɛk Di fom wev dɛn bin de rol dɔŋ di ilsayd”, we de mek yu granpa mɛmba tin dɛn. Insay ɔtom, di tik go bɔm bak, dis tɛm wit bɔr dɛn we gɛt tik we de kɔba di swit. Wan pɔsin we gɛt layf we nem Thoreau bin rayt insay “Walden” se: “We di chɛstnɛt dɛn bin dɔn rayp, a kin gɛda af bɔsɛl insay di kol sizin.” “Insay da sizin de, i bin rili fayn fɔ waka waka na di chɛstnɛt fɔrɛst we nɔ gɛt ɛnd na Linkɔn da tɛm de.”
Chestnut na tin we pɔsin kin rili abop pan. Nɔ lɛk ɔk tik dɛn we kin jɔs drɔp akɔn insay sɔm ia, chɛstnɛt tik dɛn kin mek bɔku bɔku nat krop dɛn ɛvri fɔl. Chɛstnɛt kin izi bak fɔ dayjɛst: yu kin pul am ɛn it wan raw. (Tray fɔ yuz akɔn we gɛt bɔku tannin-ɔ nɔ du am.) Ɔlman de it chɛstnɛt: dia, skwakul, bea, bɔd, mɔtalman. Di fama dɛn kin lɛf dɛn pig dɛn ɛn gɛt fat na di fɔrɛst. Insay Krismas, tren dɛn we ful-ɔp wit chɛstnɛt bin de rol frɔm di mawnten dɛn fɔ go na di siti. Yɛs, fɔ tru, di faya bin bɔn dɛn. Wiliam L. Bray, we na di fɔs din fɔ di skul usay Maynard ɛn Powell bin wok leta, bin tɔk se: “Dɛn kin tɔk se na sɔm eria dɛn, fama dɛn kin gɛt mɔ mɔni frɔm di sɛl we dɛn de sɛl chɛstnɛt pas ɔl ɔda tin dɛn we dɛn kin mek na fam.” Dɛn rayt am insay 1915. Na di pipul dɛn tik, bɔku pan dɛn de gro na di fɔrɛst.
I nɔ jɔs de gi wi tin fɔ it. Chɛstnɛt tik dɛn kin go ɔp to 120 fit, ɛn di fɔs 50 fit nɔ kin ambɔg di branch dɛn ɔ knot dɛn. Dis na di drim we pipul dɛn we de kɔt tik kin drim. Pan ɔl we i nɔto di wud we fayn pas ɔl ɛn i nɔ strɔng pas ɔl, i kin gro kwik kwik wan, mɔ we i kin gro bak afta dɛn dɔn kɔt am ɛn i nɔ kin rɔtin. As di we aw di relɔd tay ɛn tɛlifon pol dɛn bin de te pas di fayn fayn tin dɛn, Chɛstnɛt bin ɛp fɔ bil wan Amɛrika we gɛt bɔku bɔku industri. Bɔku bɔku stɔ dɛn, kebin dɛn ɛn chɔch dɛn we dɛn mek wit chɛstnɛt stil tinap; wan man we rayt buk insay 1915 bin tɔk se dis na di kayn tik we dɛn kin kɔt pas ɔl na Amɛrika.
Na bɔku pan di ist-di tik dɛn de frɔm Misisipi to Mɛni, ɛn frɔm di Atlantik kɔst to di Misisipi Riva-chɛstnɛt dɛn bak na wan pan dɛn. Bɔt na di Apalachin, na bin big tik. Bɔku bɔku chɛstnɛt dɛn de liv na dɛn mawnten dɛn ya.
I fayn fɔ mek Fusarium wilt fɔs apia na Nyu Yɔk, we na di get fɔ bɔku pipul dɛn na Amɛrika. Insay 1904, dɛn bin fɛn wan strenj infɛkshɔn na di bark fɔ wan chɛstnɛt tik we bin de pan denja fɔ dɔnawe wit na di Bronks Zu. Risach pipul dɛn bin no kwik kwik wan se di fɛns we kin mek baktriyal blayt (we leta dɛn kɔl am Cryphonectria parasitica) bin kam pan Japan tik dɛn we dɛn kin import as ali as 1876. (Bɔku tɛm, tɛm kin de bitwin we dɛn kam wit wan spisis ɛn we dɛn fɛn prɔblɛm dɛn we klia.)
I nɔ tu te, pipul dɛn na bɔku stet dɛn bin ripɔt se tik dɛn de day. Insay 1906, wan man we nem Wiliam A. Mɔril we de stɔdi bɔt maykɔlɔji na di Nyu Yɔk Bɔtanikal Gadin, bin pul di fɔs sayɛns atikul bɔt dis sik. Muriɛl bin tɔk se dis fɛns kin mek wan yɔlɔsh-brawn blista infɛkshɔn na di chɛstnɛt tik in bark, ɛn leta i kin mek i klin rawnd di trɔnk. We di nyutriɛnt ɛn wata nɔ ebul fɔ flɔ ɔp ɛn dɔŋ igen na di bark vessel dɛn ɔnda di bark, ɔltin we de ɔp di day ring go day.
Sɔm pipul dɛn nɔ kin ebul fɔ imajin-ɔ nɔ want ɔda pipul dɛn fɔ imajin-wan tik we de lɔs na di fɔrɛst. Insay 1911, Sober Paragon Chestnut Farm, we na wan kindagarten kɔmni na Pɛnsilvenia, bin biliv se dis sik “nɔ pas fɔ jɔs fred.” Lɔng tɛm ɛgzistens fɔ jɔnalist dɛn we nɔ gɛt ɛni rispɔnsibiliti. Dɛn bin lɔk di fam insay 1913. Tu ia bifo dis tɛm, Pɛnsilvenia bin kɔl wan kɔmiti we gɛt chɛstnɛt sik, we dɛn gi rayt fɔ spɛn US$275,000 (na bɔku mɔni da tɛm de), ɛn dɛn bin anawns wan pakej fɔ pawa fɔ tek tin dɛn fɔ fɛt dis pen, inklud di rayt fɔ pwɛl tik dɛn na prayvet prɔpati. Di wan dɛn we de stɔdi bɔt sik dɛn kin se dɛn fɔ pul ɔl di chɛstnɛt tik dɛn we de insay sɔm mayl dɛn frɔm di fɔs pat pan di men infɛkshɔn fɔ mek dɛn nɔ gɛt faya. Bɔt i kam fɔ no se dis fɛns kin jomp to tik dɛn we nɔ gɛt di sik, ɛn in spay dɛn kin gɛt di sik frɔm briz, bɔd, insɛkt ɛn pipul dɛn. Dɛn bin lɛf di plan.
Bay 1940, i bin lɛf smɔl fɔ lɛ ɛni big chɛstnɛt gɛt di sik. Tide, dɛn dɔn pul di valyu fɔ bɔku bɔku mɔni. As di fusarium wilt nɔ kin ebul fɔ liv na di grɔn, di chɛstnɛt rut dɛn kin kɔntinyu fɔ gro, ɛn i pas 400 milyɔn pan dɛn stil de na di fɔrɛst. Bɔt Fusarium wilt bin fɛn wan rizɔva na di ɔk tik usay i bin de we i nɔ bin du bɔku damej to di ɔs we i bin gɛt. Frɔm de, i kin skata kwik kwik wan to nyu chɛstnɛt bɔd dɛn ɛn nak dɛn bak na grɔn, bɔku tɛm i kin lɔng bifo dɛn rich di tɛm we dɛn kin bɔn.
Di wan dɛn we de mek tik dɔn fɛn ɔda tin dɛn we dɛn kin yuz fɔ mek tik: ɔk, pain, walnut, ɛn ashis. Tanning, we na wan ɔda big industri we de abop pan chɛstnɛt tik dɛn, dɔn chenj to sintetik tin dɛn fɔ tan. Fɔ bɔku po fama dɛn, natin nɔ de fɔ chenj: no ɔda nativ tik nɔ de we de gi fama dɛn ɛn dɛn animal dɛn fri, rili ɛn bɔku kalori ɛn prɔtin. Wi kin se chɛstnɛt blayt kin dɔn wan kɔmɔn tin we di pipul dɛn na Apalachin kin du fɔ mek dɛn ebul fɔ du fam wok fɔ dɛnsɛf, ɛn dis kin mek pipul dɛn na di eria fɔ gɛt klia tin fɔ disayd: fɔ go na kol mayn ɔ muf go fa. Wan man we nem Dɔnal Devids we de rayt bɔt istri bin rayt insay 2005 se: “Bikɔs di chɛstnɛt dɛn dɔn day, di wan ol wɔl dɔn day, ɛn dis dɔn mek di kɔstɔm dɛn we dɔn de na di Apalachin Mawnt dɛn fɔ pas 4 ɔndrɛd ia nɔ de igen.”
Powell bin gro ɔp fa frɔm di Apalachin ɛn chɛstnɛt. In papa bin wok na di Eya Fos ɛn i bin muf go na in famili: Indiana, Flɔrida, Jamani, ɛn di ist kɔst na Merilan. Pan ɔl we i bin spɛn in wok na Nyu Yɔk, in tɔk dɛn bin kɔntinyu fɔ tɔk klia wan bɔt di Midwɛst ɛn di Sawt pipul dɛn we nɔ de si klia wan bɔt we pɔsin kin no. In simpul we aw i de biev ɛn in simpul tayla stayl de kɔmplit dɛnsɛf, i gɛt jins wit plaid shirt we i tan lɛk se nɔ gɛt ɛnd. Di intajekshɔn we i lɛk pas ɔl na “wow”.
Powell plan fɔ bi vetɛriana te wan prɔfɛsɔ fɔ jenɛtiks prɔmis am se i go op fɔ gɛt nyu, grɔn agrikalchɔral biznɛs we go bays pan plant dɛn we dɛn dɔn chenj dɛn jɛnɛtiks we go ebul fɔ mek in yon insɛkt ɛn sik dɛn we go mek i nɔ gɛt sik. “A bin tink se, wow, i nɔ fayn fɔ mek plant dɛn we go ebul fɔ protɛkt yusɛf frɔm peshɛnt, ɛn yu nɔ nid fɔ sprɛy ɛni peshɛnt sayd pan dɛn?” Powell bin tɔk. “Fɔ tru, di ɔda pipul dɛn na di wɔl nɔ de fala di sem aidia.”
We Powell bin rich na Yuta Stet Yunivasiti in gradyuet skul insay 1983, i nɔ bin min. Bɔt i bin apin se i jɔyn wan bayolojist in lɛbɔretri, ɛn i bin de wok pan wan vayrɔs we kin mek blayt fɛns nɔ gɛt pawa. Di tray we dɛn bin tray fɔ yuz dis vayrɔs nɔ bin go fayn: i nɔ bin de skata frɔm wan tik to di ɔda tik fɔ insɛf, so dɛn bin gɛt fɔ kɔstɔmayz am fɔ dɔzɛn wan wan kayn fɛns. Pan ɔl dis, Powell bin rili kɔle di stori bɔt wan big tik we bin fɔdɔm ɛn i bin gi sayɛns we fɔ sɔlv di prɔblɛm dɛn we mɔtalman mek we rili bad. I bin tɔk se: “Bikɔs dɛn nɔ bin de manej wi guds dɛn we de muv ɔlsay na di wɔl, aksidɛntli wi bin de import di sik dɛn we de mek wi gɛt sik.” "A bin tink se: Wow, dis na intrestin. Chans de fo bring am bak."
Powell nɔto bin di fɔs pɔsin we tray fɔ pul di lɔs dɛn. Afta i dɔn klia se Amɛrika chɛstnɛt dɛn dɔn dɔn fɔ fel, di USDA bin tray fɔ plant Chaynish chɛstnɛt tik dɛn, we na wan kɔzin we nɔ kin rɔtin mɔ, fɔ ɔndastand if dis kayn tik kin tek di Amɛrikan chɛstnɛt tik dɛn ples. Bɔt chɛstnɛt kin gro mɔ na do, ɛn dɛn kin tan lɛk frut tik pas frut tik. Dɛn bin dwɔf dɛn na di fɔrɛst bay ɔk tik dɛn ɛn ɔda jayant dɛn na Amɛrika. Dɛn nɔ kin ebul fɔ gro, ɔ dɛn kin jɔs day. Sayɛnsman dɛn bin tray bak fɔ bɔn chɛstnɛt dɛn we kɔmɔt na Amɛrika ɛn Chaena togɛda, ɛn dɛn bin op se dɛn go mek wan tik we gɛt di fayn tin dɛn we dɛn ɔl tu gɛt. Di tray we di gɔvmɛnt bin de tray nɔ bin wok ɛn dɛn bin lɛf am.
Powell bin dɔn ɛnd ɔp fɔ wok na di Stet Yunivasiti na Nyu Yɔk Skul fɔ Envayrɔmɛnt Sayns ɛn Fɔstri, usay i mit Chuck Maynard, we na wan man we sabi bɔt jɛnɛtiks ɛn we bin plant tik dɛn na di lɛbɔtri. Jɔs sɔm ia bifo dis tɛm, sayɛnsman dɛn mek di fɔs plant tisu we dɛn dɔn chenj in jɛnɛtiks-ad wan jin we de gi antibayɔtik resistans to tabak fɔ mek dɛn ebul fɔ du tɛknikal demonstreshɔn pas fɔ yuz am fɔ ɛni kɔmishɔn. Maynard (Maynard) bigin fɔ dabble insay nyu teknɔlɔji, pan ɔl we i bin de luk fɔ yusful teknɔlɔji we gɛt fɔ du wit am. Da tɛm de, Darling bin gɛt sɔm sid dɛn ɛn wan prɔblɛm: fɔ mek Amɛrikin chɛstnɛt dɛn.
Insay bɔku bɔku tawzin ia we dɛn dɔn de du tradishɔnal plant brid, fama dɛn (ɛn sayɛnsman dɛn we jɔs kam) dɔn krɔs difrɛn kayn plant dɛn wit di kwaliti dɛn we dɛn want. Dɔn, di jin dɛn kin miks togɛda bay dɛnsɛf, ɛn pipul dɛn kin pik miksɔp dɛn we gɛt prɔmis fɔ mek dɛn gɛt ay kwaliti-big, swit frut ɔ sik. Bɔku tɛm, i kin tek sɔm jɛnɛreshɔn dɛn fɔ mek dɛn mek wan prɔdak. Dis prɔses kin slo ɛn i kin kɔnfyus smɔl. Darling bin de wɔnda if dis we ya go mek wan tik we gud lɛk in wayl nature. I tɛl mi se: “A tink se wi go ebul fɔ du bɛtɛ.”
jεnεtik εnjinia min bכku kכntrכl: ivin if wan spεshal jin kכmכt frכm wan spεshal we nכ rilet, dεn kin pik am fכ wan spεshal pכyz εn put am insay di jεnom fכ כda כganism. (Ɔrganizm dɛn we gɛt jin frɔm difrɛn spisis dɛn ‘dɛn dɔn chenj dɛn jɛnɛtiks. Powell biliv se i tan lɛk se dis rili fayn fɔ Amɛrikin chɛstnɛt, we i kɔl “klosap pafɛkt tik dɛn”-strɔng, lɔng, ɛn bɔku tin dɛn fɔ it, we jɔs nid fɔ kɔrɛkt wan rili patikyula kɔrɛkshɔn: fɔ mek dɛn nɔ gɛt baktriyal blayt.
Diya gri wit dis. I bin se: “Wi fɔ gɛt injinia dɛn na wi biznɛs.” “Frɔm kɔnstrɔkshɔn to kɔnstrɔkshɔn dis na jɔs wan kayn ɔtomɛshɔn.”
Powell ɛn Maynard tɔk se i kin tek tɛn ia fɔ fɛn di jin dɛn we de mek pɔsin nɔ ebul fɔ fɛt di sik, fɔ mek dɛn mek tɛknɔlɔji fɔ ad dɛn to di chɛstnɛt jɛnɛtiks, dɔn dɛn gro dɛn. Powell bin tɔk se: “Wi jɔs de gɛs.” "Nɔbɔdi nɔ gɛt ɛni jin we de gi fungal resistance. Wi rili bigin frɔm wan blank ples."
Darling bin aks fɔ sɔpɔt frɔm di American Chestnut Foundation, we na wan ɔganayzeshɔn we nɔ de du biznɛs we dɛn bin mek insay di fɔs 1980 dɛm. Di lida we de de bin tɛl am se i jɔs lɔs. Dɛn dɔn mekɔp dɛn maynd fɔ haybridayz ɛn dɛn stil de wach bɔt jenɛtik injinɛri, we dɔn mek pipul dɛn we de sɔpɔt di envayrɔmɛnt nɔ gri wit wetin dɛn de tɔk. So, Darling bin mek in yon ɔganayzeshɔn we nɔ de du biznɛs fɔ pe fɔ di wok we dɛn de du fɔ mek dɛn gɛt jenɛtik injinɛri. Powell bin tɔk se di ɔganayzeshɔn rayt di fɔs chɛk to Maynard ɛn Powell fɔ $30,000. (Insay 1990, di nashɔnal ɔganayzeshɔn bin rifɔm ɛn aksept di Darling in secessionist grup as in fɔs stet branch, bɔt sɔm mɛmba dɛn bin stil de dawt ɔ dɛn bin rili et di jenɛtik injinɛri.)
Maynard ɛn Powell de wok. Klosap wantɛm wantɛm, di tɛm we dɛn bin tink se dɛn fɔ du am nɔ bin rili bi. Di fɔs tin we kin ambɔg am na fɔ no aw fɔ gro chɛstnɛt na di lɛbɔtri. Maynard bin tray fɔ miks chɛstnɛt lif ɛn di ɔmon we de mek pɔsin gro insay wan rawnd shalɔ plastic petri dish, we na wan we we dɛn kin yuz fɔ gro pɔpla. I kam fɔ no se dis nɔ rili apin. Nyu tik dɛn nɔ go gɛt rut ɛn shut frɔm spɛshal sɛl dɛn. Maynard bin tɔk se: “Mi na di bigman pan di wɔl fɔ kil chɛstnɛt tik dɛn.” Wan risachman na di Yunivasiti ɔf Jɔjia, Skɔt Mɛkl (Skɔt Mɛkl) bin dɔn tich Maynad aw fɔ go frɔm pɔlin to di nɛks Plant chɛstnɛt insay di ɛmbriyo dɛn we dɛn de divɛlɔp.
Fɔ fɛn di rayt jin-di wok we Powell bin du-sɛf bin pruv se i nɔ bin izi. I bin spɛn sɔm ia fɔ du risach bɔt wan antibacterial kɔmpawnd we dɛn mek wit frog jin, bɔt i bin giv ɔp di kɔmpawnd bikɔs i bin de wɔri se di pipul dɛn nɔ go tek tik dɛn we gɛt frog. I bin luk bak fɔ wan jin bak we de agens baktriyal blayt na chɛstnɛt, bɔt i bin si se fɔ protɛkt di tik gɛt bɔku jin dɛn (dɛn bin no at le siks). Dɔn insay 1997, wan kɔleja bin kam bak frɔm sayɛns mitin ɛn rayt wan abstrekt ɛn prɛzɛntɛnshɔn. Powell bin notis wan taytul we gɛt di taytul “Ɛksprɛshɔn fɔ ɔksalɛt ɔksidayz insay transjɛnik plant dɛn de gi rɛsistɛns to ɔksalɛt ɛn ɔksalɛt-prɔdyuz fɛns”. Frɔm in vayrɔs risach, Powell bin no se wilt fɛns de pul ɔksalik asid fɔ kil chɛstnɛt bark ɛn mek i izi fɔ dayjɛst. Powell bin kam fɔ no se if chɛstnɛt ebul fɔ mek in yon ɔksalat ɔksidayz (wan spɛshal prɔtin we kin brok ɔksalɛt), dat min se i go ebul fɔ difend insɛf. I bin se: “Dat na bin mi Yurika tɛm.”
I tan lɛk se bɔku plant dɛn gɛt wan jin we de mek dɛn ebul fɔ mek ɔxalate oxidase. Frɔm di risachman we gi di tɔk, Powell bin gɛt wan kayn wit. Wan studɛnt we gradyuet we nem Linda Polin Makgigan bin mek di “jin gɔn” teknɔlɔji bɛtɛ fɔ mek dɛn lanch jin dɛn insay di chɛstnɛt embryo dɛn, ɛn i bin op se dɛn kin put am insay di embryo in DNA. di jin bin de insay di εmbrayo fɔ sɔm tɛm, bɔt afta dat i nɔ bin de igen. Di risach tim bin lɛf dis we ɛn chenj to wan baktri we bin dɔn mek wan we fɔ kɔt di DNA fɔ ɔda tin dɛn we gɛt layf ɛn put dɛn jin dɛn insay. insay di nature, maykro כganism dεm de ad jin dεm we de fos di hos fכ mek baktri fכ it. Di wan dɛn we de stɔdi bɔt di jɛnɛtiks bin kam insay dis baktri so dat i go ebul fɔ put ɛni jin we di sayɛnsman want insay. McGuigan bin gɛt di abiliti fɔ ad wit jin ɛn mak protin dɛn to chɛstnɛt embryo dɛn we pɔsin kin abop pan. we dεn rayt di protin כnda maykroskכp, di protin go kכmכt grεn layt, we sho se dεn dכn insay am fayn fayn wan. (Di tim bin stɔp fɔ yuz mak protɛin kwik kwik wan-nɔbɔdi nɔ bin want tik we go ebul fɔ shayn.) Maynard bin kɔl di we aw dɛn de du am “di tin we fayn pas ɔl na di wɔl.”
As tɛm de go, Maynard ɛn Powell bil wan chɛstnɛt asɛmbli layn, we naw de go to di difrɛn flɔ dɛn na wan fayn fayn 1960s brik-ɛn-mɔta fɔrɛstri risach bildin, ɛn bak di spaklin nyu ɔf-kampus “Biotech Accelerator” fasiliti. di prכsεs fכs involv fכ sεlekt εmbriyo dεm we de jεmin frכm jεnεtik idεntikal sεl dεm (mכst εmbriyo dεm we dεn kriyayt na lab nכ de du dis, so i nכ yus fכ mek klon) εn insay wit jin dεm. di εmbrayo sεl dεm, lεk agar, na tin we lεk pudin we dεn kכl frכm algae. Fɔ mek di embryo tɔn to tik, di wan dɛn we du di risach bin ad ɔmon we de mek di pikin gro. Yu kin put bɔku bɔku plastic kɔntena dɛn we tan lɛk kiub we gɛt smɔl smɔl chɛstnɛt tik dɛn we nɔ gɛt rut na wan shelf ɔnda wan pawaful lamp we gɛt fluorescent. Fɔ dɔn, di sayɛnsman dɛn bin yuz ɔmon fɔ rut, plant dɛn fɔs tik dɛn na pɔt dɛn we ful-ɔp wit dɔti, ɛn put dɛn na say we dɛn kin kɔntrol di tɛmpracha fɔ gro. Wi nɔ sɔprayz fɔ no se di tik dɛn we de na di lɛbɔtri nɔ de fayn na do. So, di wan dɛn we du di risach bin pe dɛn wit wayl tik dɛn fɔ mek dɛn prodyuz spɛshal wan dɛn we at bɔt we stil nɔ de wok fɔ mek dɛn go tɛst dɛn na fil.
Tu sɔm ia bifo dis tɛm, Ana Pilkey, we na wan studɛnt we dɔn gradyuet na Powell in lab, bin sho mi aw fɔ du dis. I bin plant di fungus we de mek baktriyal blayt insay wan smɔl plastic petri dish. insay dis klos fכm, di pale כrεnj pathogen de luk benign εn kכlכs fכ fayn. I at fɔ imajin se na in de mek bɔku pipul dɛn day ɛn pwɛl dɛn.
Di jrafa we bin de na grɔn bin nil dɔŋ na grɔn, mak di fayv milimita pat pan wan smɔl tik, i kɔt tri prɛsis say dɛn wit skel, ɛn smɛl blayt pan di wund. I bin sidɔm pan dɛn wit wan plastik fim. I bin se: “I tan lɛk band-ɛd.” Bikɔs dis na “kɔntrol” tik we nɔ de fɛt, i de op se di ɔrɛnj infɛkshɔn go skata kwik kwik wan frɔm di say we dɛn inokul ɛn leta i go rawnd di smɔl smɔl stem dɛn. I sho mi sɔm tik dɛn we gɛt wit jin we i bin dɔn trit bifo. Di infεkshכn kin de na di say we dεn sכk, lεk di tכn כrεnj lip dεm we de nia di sכmכl mכt.
Insay 2013, Maynard ɛn Powell bin anawns se dɛn dɔn gɛt sakrifays pan Transjɛnik Risach: 109 ia afta dɛn dɔn fɛn di Amɛrikin chɛstnɛt sik, dɛn mek wan Tik we tan lɛk se dɛn de protɛkt dɛnsɛf, ilɛksɛf dɛn atak dɛn wit bɔku bɔku fɛns dɛn we de dray. Fɔ ɔnɔ dɛn fɔs pɔsin we gi mɔni ɛn we gɛt fri-an pas ɔlman, i put lɛk 250,000 dɔla, ɛn pipul dɛn we de stɔdi bɔt tin dɛn dɔn de gi tik dɛn nem to am. Dɛn kɔl dis wan Darling 58.
Di mitin we di Nyu Yɔk Chapta fɔ di Amɛrikan Chɛstnat Fɔdayshɔn kin gɛt ɛvri ia, dɛn bin gɛt am na wan smɔl ɔtel we de na do na Nyu Paltz, wan Satide we ren bin de kam insay Ɔktoba 2018. Na lɛk 50 pipul dɛn bin gɛda togɛda. Dis mitin na bin pat pan sayɛns mitin ɛn pat pan am na bin chɛstnɛt ɛkshɛnj mitin. Na di bak pat na wan smɔl mitin rum, di mɛmba dɛn bin chenj Ziploc bag dɛn we ful-ɔp wit nɛt. Dis mitin na bin di fɔs tɛm insay 28 ia we Darling ɔ Maynard nɔ bin atɛnd. Wɛlbɔdi prɔblɛm dɛn bin de mek dɛn ɔl tu nɔ de fa. Allen Nichols, we na di prɛsidɛnt fɔ di klab, bin tɛl mi se: “Wi dɔn de du dis fɔ lɔng tɛm, ɛn klos to ɛvri ia wi kin sɛt mɔt fɔ di wan dɛn we dɔn day.” Bɔt pan ɔl dat, di we aw pipul dɛn de fil stil gɛt op: di tik we dɛn dɔn chenj in jɛnɛtiks dɔn pas fɔ lɔng lɔng tɛm we dɛn de du tranga tɛst fɔ sef ɛn if i wok fayn.
Di mɛmba dɛn na di chapta bin gi wan ditayli introdukshɔn bɔt di kɔndishɔn fɔ ɛni big chɛstnɛt tik we de na Nyu Yɔk Stet. Pilkey ɛn ɔda studɛnt dɛn we gradyuet bin sho aw fɔ gɛda ɛn kip pɔlin, aw fɔ gro chɛstnɛt ɔnda layt we de insay os, ɛn aw fɔ ful-ɔp di grɔn wit blayt infɛkshɔn fɔ mek tik dɛn liv lɔng. Di pipul dɛn we gɛt kash chɛst, we bɔku pan dɛn kin pul dɛn yon tik dɛn ɛn gro dɛn, bin aks yɔŋ sayɛnsman dɛn kwɛstyɔn dɛn.
Bowell put fo floor, wear wetin luk laik se na yunifom we no ofishal fo dis chapta: nekline shirt we tuck insaid jins. In singl-maynd pursuit-wan tati ia wok we dɛn ɔganayz rawnd Herb Darling in gol fɔ gɛt chɛstnɛt bak-nɔ kin apin ɔltɛm bitwin akademik sayɛnsman dɛn, we kin du risach mɔ insay fayv ia fɔnd saykl, ɛn afta dat Dɛn kin gi Di prɔmis rizɔlt to ɔda pipul dɛn fɔ mek dɛn mek dɛn kɔmɛnt. Wan kɔleja we nem Dɔn Liɔpɔld we de wok na Powell in Envayrɔmɛnt Sayns ɛn Fɔstri Dipatmɛnt bin tɛl mi se: “I rili de pe atɛnshɔn ɛn i de kɔrɛkt pɔsin.” "I de put di kɔtin. I nɔ de ambɔg am wit bɔku ɔda tin dɛn. We di risach dɔn mek prɔgrɛs, di administreta dɛn fɔ di Stet Yunivasiti ɔf Nyu Yɔk (SUNY) kɔntakt am ɛn aks fɔ patɛnt fɔ in tik so dat di yunivasiti go bɛnifit frɔm am, bɔt Powell nɔ gri. I se tik dɛn we dɛn dɔn chenj dɛn jɛnɛtiks tan lɛk primitiv chɛstnɛt ɛn dɛn de sav pipul dɛn. Powell in pipul dɛn de na dis rum.
Bɔt i wɔn dɛn se: Afta dɛn dɔn win bɔku pan di tɛknikal prɔblɛm dɛn, di tik dɛn we dɛn dɔn chenj dɛn jɛnɛtiks kin gɛt di big prɔblɛm naw: di Amɛrika gɔvmɛnt. Sɔm wiks bifo dis tɛm, Powell bin sɛn wan fayl we gɛt lɛk 3,000 pej dɛn to di US Department of Agriculture’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, we gɛt di wok fɔ gri fɔ plant dɛn we dɛn dɔn chenj dɛn jɛnɛtiks. Dis de bigin di ɛjɛnsy in aprɔval prɔses: rivyu di aplikeshɔn, aks fɔ pɔblik kɔmɛnt, prodyuz wan envayrɔmɛnt impak stetmɛnt, aks fɔ pɔblik kɔmɛnt bak ɛn mek disizhɔn. Dis wok kin tek sɔm ia. If dɛn nɔ disayd fɔ du sɔntin, di wok kin stɔp. (Di fɔs pɔblik kɔmɛnt tɛm nɔ opin yet.)
Di wan dɛn we du di risach plan fɔ sɛn ɔda petishɔn dɛn to di Food and Drug Administration so dat dɛn go ebul fɔ chɛk di it sef fɔ di nɛt dɛn we dɛn dɔn chenj dɛn jɛnɛtiks, ɛn di Envayrɔmɛnt Protɛkshɔn Ajɛns go rivyu di impak we dis tik gɛt pan di envayrɔmɛnt ɔnda di Fɛdaral Pɛstayd Lɔ, we dɛn se fɔ ɔl di plant dɛn we dɛn dɔn chenj dɛn jɛnɛtiks. bayolojikal wan. “Dis kɔmplikt pas sayɛns!” sɔmbɔdi we bin de na di ɔdiɛns bin tɔk.
"Yɛs." Powell bin gri wit dat. “Sayns na tin we intrestin. I de mek pɔsin in at pwɛl.” (Leta i tɛl mi se: “Tri difrɛn ɛjɛnshi dɛn de kia fɔ mi na tin we pasmak. I rili de kil nyu tin dɛn we dɛn de mek fɔ protɛkt di envayrɔmɛnt.”)
Fɔ pruv se dɛn tik sef, Powell in tim bin du difrɛn tɛst dɛn. Dɛn bin de gi ɔxalate oxidase to di pollen fɔ di bi dɛn. Dɛn bin de mɛzhɔ aw fayn fayn fɛns dɛn de gro na di grɔn. Dɛn lɛf di lif dɛn na di wata ɛn invɛstigat dɛn inflɔwɛns pan t. Dɛn nɔ si ɛni bad bad tin pan ɛni wan pan di stɔdi dɛn-infakt, fɔ tru, di pefɔmɛns fɔ di it we dɛn dɔn chenj di jɛnɛtiks bɛtɛ pas di lif dɛn fɔ sɔm tik dɛn we dɛn nɔ chenj. Sayɛnsman dɛn bin sɛn di nɛt dɛn to Oak Ridge National Laboratory ɛn ɔda laboratori dɛn na Tɛnisi fɔ mek dɛn analays dɛn, ɛn dɛn nɔ si ɛni difrɛns wit di nat dɛn we tik dɛn we dɛn nɔ chenj kin mek.
Dɛn kayn rizɔlt ya kin mek di wan dɛn we de rigul dɛn biliv. I go mɔs bi se dɛn nɔ go mek di aktivist dɛn we de agens GMO, gladi. Wan sayɛnsman we dɔn ritaia we nem Jɔn Dɔti we kɔmɔt na Mɔnsanto, bin gi Pɔwɛl fɔ fri. I bin kɔl dɛn pipul ya we bin de agens am di “ɔpɔzishɔn.” Fɔ lɔng tɛm naw, ɔganayzeshɔn dɛn we de wok fɔ di envayrɔmɛnt dɔn de wɔn se we dɛn muv di jin dɛn bitwin di spisis dɛn we gɛt fɔ du wit dɛnsɛf fa, dat go gɛt bad tin dɛn we dɛn nɔ bin want, lɛk fɔ mek wan “super weed” we pas di natura plant dɛn, ɔ fɔ mek dɛn put fɔrina jin dɛn we kin mek di pɔsin we de ɔs di pɔsin we gɛt di sik Di possibility of harmful mutations in the DNA of the species. Dɛn kin wɔri bak se kɔmni dɛn kin yuz jenɛtik injinɛri fɔ gɛt patɛnt ɛn fɔ kɔntrol di tin dɛn we gɛt layf.
Naw, Powell bin tɔk se i nɔ de gɛt ɛni mɔni dairekt frɔm di industri sɔs, ɛn i bin tɔk tranga wan se di mɔni we dɛn de gi to di lɛbɔretri “nɔ tay.” Bɔt Brenda Jo McManama, we ɔganayz wan ɔganayzeshɔn we dɛn kɔl “Indigenous Environmental Network”, bin tɔk bɔt wan agrimɛnt insay 2010 we Monsanto bin gi di Chestnut Foundation ɛn in patna ɛjɛnsy Nyu Yɔk Di chapta bin alaw tu jenɛtik modifyeshɔn patɛnt. (Powell bin se di kɔntribyushɔn we di industri de gi, inklud Monsanto, de mek less dan 4% pan in totɛl wok kapital.) McManama saspek se Monsanto (we Bayer bin gɛt insay 2018) de sikrit wan fɔ gɛt patɛnt bay we i de sɔpɔt wetin i tan lɛk se na fiuja itɛreshɔn fɔ di tik. Projek we nɔ de tink bɔt insɛf nɔmɔ. I bin tɔk klia wan se: “Monsan na ɔltin we wikɛd.”
Powell bin se di patɛnt we bin de insay di 2010 agrimɛnt dɔn dɔn, ɛn bay we i tɔk bɔt di ditil dɛn bɔt in tik na di sayɛns buk dɛn, i dɔn mek shɔ se dɛn nɔ go ebul fɔ gɛt patɛnt fɔ di tik. Bɔt i bin kam fɔ no se dis nɔ go pul ɔl di wɔri we i de wɔri. I se, “A no se sɔmbɔdi go se yu na jɔs bet fɔ Monsanto.” “Wetin yu go du? Natin nɔ de we yu go ebul fɔ du.”
Arawnd fayv ia bifo dis tɛm, di lida dɛn fɔ di American Chestnut Foundation bin kam fɔ no se dɛn nɔ go ebul fɔ du wetin dɛn bin want fɔ du bay we dɛn jɔs de haybrid, so dɛn bin gri fɔ tek di program we Powell bin mek fɔ mek dɛn gɛt jenɛtik injinɛri. Dis tin we dɛn disayd fɔ du bin mek sɔm pipul dɛn nɔ gri. Insay Mach 2019, di prɛsidɛnt fɔ di Masachusɛt-Rɔd Ayland Chapta fɔ di Fawndeshɔn, we nem Lois Breault-Melican, bin rigɛn, ɛn i bin tɔk bɔt di Global Justice Ecology Project (Global Justice Project), we na wan ɔganayzeshɔn we de agens jin injinɛri we de na Buffalo. Jɔstis Ikɔlɔji Projɛkt) argumɛnt; in man we nem Denis Melican sɛf bin kɔmɔt na di bɔd. Dennis bin tɛl mi se di man ɛn in wɛf bin de wɔri mɔ se Powell in chɛstnɛt dɛn go pruv se na “Trojan ɔs”, we bin klia di we fɔ mek ɔda kɔmɛshɔnal tik dɛn gɛt supachaj tru jenɛtik injinɛri.
Susan Offutt, we na agrikalchɔral ikɔnomist, de wok as chiaman fɔ di Nashɔnal Akademi fɔ Sayns, Ɛnjinia ɛn Mɛdisin Kɔmiti, we bin du risach bɔt fɔrɛst bayɔteknɔlɔji insay 2018. I bin tɔk se di gɔvmɛnt in rigyuletɔri prɔses de pe atɛnshɔn pan di smɔl smɔl tin bɔt bayolojikal risk, ɛn i nɔ ɛva tink bɔt di big soshal kɔnsyans, lɛk di wan dɛn we anti-GMO aktivist dɛn rayz. “Wetin na di intrinsic value of di forest?” i aks, as ɛgzampul fɔ wan prɔblɛm, di prɔses nɔ sɔlv. "Fɔrɛst gɛt dɛn yon mɛrit? Wi gɛt moral ɔbligayshɔn fɔ tek dis kɔnt we wi de disayd fɔ intavyu?"
Bɔku pan di sayɛnsman dɛn we a dɔn tɔk to nɔ gɛt bɛtɛ rizin fɔ wɔri bɔt Powell in tik dɛn, bikɔs di fɔrɛst dɔn sɔfa fa fawe: fɔ kɔt tik, fɔ mayn, fɔ divɛlɔp, ɛn bɔku bɔku insɛkt ɛn sik dɛn we nɔ gɛt ɛnd we de pwɛl tik dɛn. Pan dɛn, dɛn pruv se chɛstnɛt wilt na An opin sɛrimɔni. Gari Lɔvɛt, we de stɔdi bɔt aw fɔrɛst na di Cary Ecosystem Institute na Millbrook, New York, bin tɔk se: “Wi de kam wit nyu kɔmplit ɔrganizm dɛn ɔltɛm.” “Di impak we chɛstnɛt dɛn we dɛn dɔn chenj dɛn jɛnɛtiks gɛt, smɔl pasmak.”
Wan man we nem Dɔnal Wɔla we de stɔdi bɔt aw tin dɛn we de apin na di fɔrɛst ɛn we jɔs dɔn ritaia frɔm di Yunivasiti na Wiskɔsin-Madison, bin du mɔ. I bin tɛl mi se: “Na wan say, a de sho smɔl balans bitwin risk ɛn blɛsin.Na di ɔda say, a jɔs de kɔntinyu fɔ skrach mi ed fɔ risk dɛn.” Dis tik we dɛn dɔn chenj in jɛnɛtiks kin mek di fɔrɛst de pan denja. Difrɛn frɔm dat, “di pej we de dɔŋ di blɛsin jɔs ful-ɔp wit ink.” I bin tɔk se chɛstnɛt we nɔ de rɔtin, go dɔn win dis fɔrɛst we dɛn dɔn fɛt. Pipul dɛn nid op. Pipul dɛn nid sayn dɛn. ” .
Powell kin lɛk fɔ kɔntinyu fɔ gɛt kol at, bɔt di wan dɛn we nɔ biliv di jenɛtik injinɛri kin shek am. I bin se: “Dɛn nɔ mek sɛns to mi.” “Dɛn nɔ de bays pan sayɛns.” We injinia dɛn de mek bɛtɛ motoka ɔ smart fon, nɔbɔdi nɔ de kɔmplen, so i want fɔ no wetin bad wit tik dɛn we dɛn mek fayn fayn wan. Powell bin tɔk se: “Dis na tul we kin ɛp.” “Wetin mek yu se wi nɔ go ebul fɔ yuz dis tul?Wi kin yuz Phillips skru drayva, bɔt nɔto nɔmal skru drayva, ɛn di ɔda we?”
Insay di fɔs pat pan Ɔktoba 2018, a bin go wit Powell na wan fil steshɔn we nɔ gɛt wan bɔt na di sawt pat na Sirakyus. I bin op se di fiuja fɔ di Amɛrikan chɛstnɛt spɛshal go gro. I dɔn lɛf smɔl fɔ lɛ pipul dɛn nɔ gɛt pɔsin na di say we dɛn de, ɛn na wan pan di smɔl ples dɛn we dɛn kin alaw tik dɛn fɔ gro. Di ay ay plantɛshɔn dɛn we gɛt pain ɛn lach, we na di tin we dɛn mek fɔ wan risach wok we dɛn dɔn lɛf fɔ du fɔ lɔng tɛm, kin tilt na di ist, fa frɔm di briz we de blo, ɛn dis kin mek di eria fil lɛk se i de mek pɔsin fred smɔl.
Wan man we nem Andru Nyuhaus we de stɔdi bɔt tin dɛn we de apin na Powell in lɛbɔtri dɔn ɔlrɛdi de wok pan wan pan di bɛst tik dɛn fɔ sayɛnsman dɛn, we na wan wayl chɛstnɛt we kɔmɔt na di sawt pat na Vijinia. Di tik lɔng lɛk 25 fit ɛn i de gro na wan chɛstnɛt ɔchad we dɛn arenj random wan we gɛt 10 fit ay diya fɛns rawnd am. Dɛn bin tay di skul bag na di ɛnd dɛn pan sɔm branch dɛn na di tik. Nyu Haus bin ɛksplen se di plastic bag we de insay bin trɔp insay Darling 58 pɔlin we sayɛnsman dɛn bin aplay fɔ insay Jun, ɛn di ɔda mɛtal mɛsh bag bin de mek di skwakul dɛn fa frɔm di bɔr dɛn we de gro. Di wan ol sɛtup de ɔnda strikt supavayshɔn frɔm di Amɛrika Dipatmɛnt fɔ Ɛgrikalyeshɔn; bifo dεn dεrεgulεshכn, dεn fכ aylכt pכlεn כ nכt dεm frכm tik dεm we gεt jεnεtik ad jin dεm na di fεns כ na di risachman in labכtכri.
Newhouse bin de manipul retractable pruning shears pan di branch dɛn. We dɛn pul am wit rop, di bled brok ɛn di bag fɔdɔm. Nyuhaus bin muf kwik kwik wan go na di nɛks branch we gɛt bag ɛn i bin ripit di wok. Powell bin gɛda di bag dɛn we dɔn fɔdɔm ɛn put dɛn insay wan big plastic dɔti bag, jɔs lɛk aw i de ol tin dɛn we gɛt biohazardous.
Afta we dɛn go bak na di lɛbɔtri, Nyu Haus ɛn Ana Pilki bin ɛmti di bag ɛn pul brawn nɛt dɛn kwik kwik wan frɔm di grɔn bɔr dɛn. Dɛn kin tek tɛm mek di chukchuk nɔ go insay di skin, we na wok we kin ambɔg di chɛstnɛt risach. Trade, dɛn bin lɛk ɔl di fayn fayn nɛt dɛn we dɛn dɔn chenj dɛn jɛnɛtiks. Dis tɛm, dɛn bin dɔn gɛt bɔku tin: i pas 1,000. Pirkey bin tɔk se: “Wi ɔl de du gladi gladi smɔl dans dɛn.”
Leta da aftanun de, Powell bin kɛr di chɛstnɛt dɛn go na Nil Patasin in ɔfis we de na di lɔbi. Na bin Indijɔns Pipul De (Kɔlɔmbɔs De), ɛn Patasin, we na di Asisten Dayrɛktɔ fɔ ESF in Sɛntral fɔ Indijɔns Pipul ɛn Envayrɔmɛnt, bin jɔs kam bak frɔm wan kwata na di kampus, usay i bin lid wan indijinos it demonstreshɔn. In tu pikin dɛn ɛn in sista in pikin de ple na kɔmpyuta na di ɔfis. Ɔlman bin de pul di nɛt ɛn it nɛt. Powell bin rigrɛt se: “Dɛn stil grɛn smɔl.”
Powell in gift na fɔ gɛt bɔku tin dɛn fɔ du. I de sheb sid, i op se i go yuz Patterson in nɛtwɔk fɔ plant chɛstnɛt na nyu eria dɛn, usay dɛn go gɛt pɔlin we dɛn dɔn chenj dɛn jɛnɛtiks insay sɔm ia. I bin de du dexterous chɛstnɛt diplɔmasi bak.
We ESF bin tek Patterson insay 2014, i bin kam fɔ no se Powell bin de tray fɔ mek tik dɛn we dɛn dɔn mek wit jɛnɛtiks, we bin de jɔs sɔm mayl frɔm di Onondaga Nation Resident Territory. Di las wan de na di fɔrɛst we de sɔm mayl dɛn na di sawt pat na Sirakyus. Patterson bin kam fɔ no se if di prɔjek go bifo, di jin dɛn we de mek pɔsin nɔ gɛt sik go kam insay di land ɛn krɔs wit di chɛstnɛt dɛn we lɛf de, ɛn dis go chenj di fɔrɛst we rili impɔtant fɔ mek Onodaga no udat i bi. I yɛri bak bɔt kɔnsyusɔn we de drɛb aktivist dɛm, inklud sɔm frɔm indijinos kɔmyuniti dɛm, fɔ agens ɔrganizm dɛm we dɛn dɔn chenj dɛn jɛnɛtiks ɔdasay. Fɔ ɛgzampul, insay 2015, di Yurok trayb bin ban GMO rizɛvshɔn na Nɔtan Kalifɔnia bikɔs dɛn bin de wɔri bɔt di pɔsibul fɔ dɔti di tin dɛn we dɛn plant ɛn di say dɛn we dɛn de fishin wit salmɔn.
Patasin bin tɛl mi se: “A no se dis bin apin to wi ya, wi fɔ at least tɔk to wi.” Na di 2015 Envayrɔmɛnt Protɛkshɔn Ajɛns mitin we ESF bin gɛt, Powell bin gi wan tɔk we i bin dɔn rɛdi fayn fayn wan to di mɛmba dɛn na di indijinos pipul dɛn na Nyu Yɔk. Afta di tɔk, Patasin bin mɛmba se sɔm lida dɛn bin se: “Wi fɔ plant tik dɛn!” Di zil we dɛn bin gɛt bin mek Patasin sɔprayz. I bin se: “A nɔ bin de tink se na so i bi.”
Bɔt leta we dɛn bin tɔk to dɛn sho se na smɔl pan dɛn nɔmɔ rili mɛmba di wok we di chɛstnɛt tik bin de du na in tradishɔnal kɔlchɔ. Di risach we Patterson bin du fɔ fala am bin tɛl am se di tɛm we sɔshal ɔnarɛst ɛn ikɔlɔjik distrɔkshɔn bin de apin di sem tɛm, di Amɛrika gɔvmɛnt bin de impruv wan big fɔs dimɔbilizayshɔn ɛn asimilɛshɔn plan, ɛn di sik dɔn kam. Lɛk bɔku ɔda tin dɛn, di lokal chɛstnɛt kɔlchɔ na di eria dɔn lɔs. Patterson bin kam fɔ no bak se di we aw pipul dɛn de si tin bɔt jenɛtik injinɛri difrɛn bad bad wan. Di wan we de mek lakrɔs stik na Onoda, we nem Alfie Jacques, rili want fɔ mek stik dɛn wit chɛstnɛt wud ɛn i de sɔpɔt di wok. Ɔda pipul dɛn tink se di prɔblɛm tu big ɛn dat mek dɛn de agens tik dɛn.
Patterson ɔndastand dɛn tu pozishɔn ya. I nɔ tu te yet we i tɛl mi se: “I tan lɛk mobayl fon ɛn mi pikin.” Im point out se im pikin de kam bak fo haus from skul bikos of di coronavirus pandemic. "Wan de a go ɔl aut; fɔ kip dɛn in kɔntakt, dɛn de lan. Di nɛks de, lɛk, lɛ wi pul dɛn tin dɛn de." Bɔt we i bin de tɔk to Powell fɔ lɔng tɛm, dat bin mek i nɔ bin gɛt bɛtɛ dawt igen. I nɔ tu te yet, i kam fɔ no se di avrej pikin dɛn we 58 Darling tik dɛn gɛt nɔ go gɛt di jin dɛn we dɛn dɔn introduks, we min se di ɔrijinal wayl chɛstnɛt dɛn go kɔntinyu fɔ gro na di fɔrɛst. Patterson se dis bin pul wan big prɔblɛm.
We wi bin de go insay Ɔktoba, i bin tɛl mi se di rizin we mek i nɔ ebul fɔ sɔpɔt di GM prɔjek ful wan na bikɔs i nɔ bin no if Powell bisin bɔt di pipul dɛn we de intarakt wit di tik ɔ di tik. Patasin bin de tap in chɛst se: “A nɔ no wetin de fɔ am.” I se na if dɛn ebul fɔ mek di rilayshɔn bitwin man ɛn chɛstnɛt kam bak, na in i nid fɔ gɛt dis tik bak.
Fɔ du dis, i se i plan fɔ yuz di nɛt dɛn we Powell gi am fɔ mek chɛstnɛt pudin ɛn ɔyl. I go briŋ dɛn it ya na di teritɔri na Onondaga ɛn invayt pipul dɛn fɔ ridiskɔba dɛn ol flawa dɛn. I bin se: “A op se na so, i tan lɛk fɔ grit yu ol padi.Yu jɔs nid fɔ go insay di bɔs frɔm usay yu bin stɔp las tɛm.”
Powell bin gɛt $3.2 milyɔn gift frɔm di Templeton World Charity Foundation insay Janwari, we go alaw Powell fɔ go bifo as i de nevigayt di rigyuletɔri ɛjɛnshi dɛm ɛn ɛkspɛn in risach fɔs frɔm jenɛtiks to di aktual rialiti fɔ di ɔl land skay ripa. If di gɔvmɛnt gi am blɛsin, Powell ɛn sayɛnsman dɛn we kɔmɔt na di American Chestnut Foundation go bigin fɔ alaw am fɔ blo. Pɔlin ɛn in ɛkstra jin dɛn go blo ɔ brus pan di kɔntena dɛn we de wet fɔ ɔda tik dɛn, ɛn di fate fɔ chɛstnɛt dɛn we dɛn dɔn chenj dɛn jɛnɛtiks go apin indipɛndɛnt wan frɔm di kɔntrol we dɛn de du ɛkspirimɛnt. If wi tek am se dɛn kin kip di jin na di fil ɛn na di lɛbɔraytri, dis nɔ shɔ, ɛn i go skata na di fɔrɛst-dis na ikɔlɔjik pɔynt we sayɛnsman dɛn want bɔt radikal pipul dɛn de fred.
Afta we dɛn dɔn rilaks wan chɛstnɛt tik, yu kin bay wan? Yes, Newhouse bin se, na dat na bin di plan. Dɛn dɔn aks di wan dɛn we de du risach ɛvri wik ustɛm tik dɛn de.
Insay di wɔl usay Powell, Newhouse ɛn in kɔleja dɛn de, i izi fɔ fil se di wan ol kɔntri de wet fɔ dɛn tik. Bɔt if yu drayv shɔt distans na di nɔt frɔm di risach fam tru di dawtaun na Sirakyus, yu kin mɛmba aw big chenj dɛn dɔn apin na di envayrɔmɛnt ɛn sosayti frɔm we di Amɛrikan chɛstnɛt dɛn nɔ de igen. Chestnut Heights Drive de na wan smɔl tɔŋ we de na di nɔt pat na Sirakuz. Na ɔdinari strit we pipul dɛn kin de, we gɛt big big rod dɛn fɔ drayv, fayn fayn lawn dɛn, ɛn wan wan tɛm, smɔl smɔl tik dɛn we dɛn kin yuz fɔ dekɔret ɛn we kin de na di frɔnt yad. . Di timba kɔmni nɔ nid fɔ mek dɛn gɛt bak chɛstnɛt. Di agrikalchɔral ikɔmi we de sɔpɔt dɛnsɛf we dɛn de yuz chɛstnɛt dɔn lɔs kpatakpata. Klosap nɔbɔdi nɔ de pul sɔft ɛn swit nɛt frɔm bɔr dɛn we at pasmak. Bɔku pipul dɛn nɔ kin ivin no se natin nɔ de we nɔ de na di fɔrɛst.
A stɔp ɛn it piknik dina nia Lek Onondaga ɔnda di shed fɔ di big wayt ashis tik. Di tik bin gɛt brayt grɔn grey borers. A kin si di ol dɛn we di insɛkt dɛn mek na di bark. I kin bigin fɔ lɔs in lif dɛn ɛn i kin day ɛn fɔdɔm sɔm ia afta dat. Jɔs fɔ kam ya frɔm mi os na Merilan, a drayv pas bɔku bɔku ashis tik dɛn we dɔn day, wit pitchfɔk branch dɛn we nɔ gɛt natin we de go ɔp nia di rod.
Insay Apalachia, di kɔmni dɔn skrap tik dɛn frɔm wan big eria na Bitlahua fɔ gɛt kol dɔŋ. Di at fɔ di kol kɔntri de kɔynsayd wit di at fɔ di kɔntri we dɛn bin de kɔl chɛstnɛt. Di American Chestnut Foundation bin wok wit ɔganayzeshɔn dɛn we bin de plant tik dɛn na kol mayn dɛn we dɛn bin dɔn lɛf biɛn, ɛn naw chɛstnɛt tik dɛn de gro na bɔku bɔku eka land we di disasta afɛkt. Dɛn tik ya na jɔs pat pan di haybrid dɛn we nɔ gɛt baktriyal blayt, bɔt dɛn kin bi di sem tin wit nyu jɛnɛreshɔn tik dɛn we wan de go ebul fɔ kɔmpit wit di ol fɔrɛst jayant dɛn.
Las May, di kɔnsɛntreshɔn fɔ di kabon dayɔgzayd na di atmosfɛs bin rich 414.8 pat pan wan milyɔn fɔ di fɔs tɛm. Lɛk ɔda tik dɛn, di wet we Amɛrikin chɛstnɛt dɛn nɔ gɛt wata na lɛk af pan di kabon. Na smɔl tin dɛn nɔmɔ yu kin gro na wan land we kin tek kabon frɔm di briz fast pas chɛstnɛt tik we de gro. We wi tink bɔt dis, wan atikul we dɛn bin pul na di Wall Street Journal las ia bin tɔk se, “Lɛ wi gɛt ɔda chɛstnɛt fam.”